#Ultrasound First
- Revzin MV, Scoutt LM, Garner JG, Moore CL. Right Upper Quadrant Pain: Ultrasound First! J Ultrasound Med. 2017 Oct;36(10):1975-1985. PMID: 28586152.
- Pereira J, Bass GA, Mariani D, Dumbrava BD, Casamassima A, da Silva AR, Pinheiro L, Martinez-Casas I, Zago M. Surgeon-performed point-of-care ultrasound for acute cholecystitis: indications and limitations: a European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery (ESTES) consensus statement. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020 Feb;46(1):173-183. PMID: 31435701.
Anatomy
- Hall MK, Mirjalili SA, Moore CL, Rizzolo LJ. The student’s dilemma, liver edition: incorporating the sonographer’s language into clinical anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ. 2015 May-Jun;8(3):283-8. PMID: 25573229.
- de Csepel J, Carroccio A, Pomp A. Soft-tissue images. “Phrygian cap” gallbladder. Can J Surg. 2003 Feb;46(1):50-1. PMID: 12585795; PMCID: PMC3211669.
Test Characteristics PoCUS for Cholecystitis: Sensitivity: 89.8% (95%CI 86.4%-92.5%) and Specificity: 88.0% (95% CI 83.7%-91.4%) [presence of stones most sensitive; combination of stone in the neck, sonographic Murphy's, and wall changes are specific].
- Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, Atkinson P, Thompson J, Powelson S, Clark S, Lang E. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Mar;18(3):227-35. PMID: 21401784.
- Villar J, Summers SM, Menchine MD, Fox JC, Wang R. The Absence of Gallstones on Point-of-Care Ultrasound Rules Out Acute Cholecystitis. J Emerg Med. 2015 Oct;49(4):475-80. PMID: 26162764.
- Bree RL. Further observations on the usefulness of the sonographic Murphy sign in the evaluation of suspected acute cholecystitis. J Clin Ultrasound. 1995 Mar-Apr;23(3):169-72. PMID: 7730462.
- Peters JR. Can bedside emergency ultrasonography enhance clinical decision making in emergency department patients presenting with symptoms of biliary colic? Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Dec;62(6):629-30. PMID: 23796626.
- Summers SM, Scruggs W, Menchine MD, Lahham S, Anderson C, Amr O, Lotfipour S, Cusick SS, Fox JC. A prospective evaluation of emergency department bedside ultrasonography for the detection of acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Aug;56(2):114-22. PMID: 20138397.
Test Characteristics PoCUS for Choledocholithiasis
- Lahham S, Becker BA, Gari A, Bunch S, Alvarado M, Anderson CL, Viquez E, Spann SC, Fox JC. Utility of common bile duct measurement in ED point of care ultrasound: A prospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Jun;36(6):962-966. PMID: 29162442.
- Wilcox CM, Kim H, Trevino J, Ramesh J, Monkemuller K, Varadarajulu S. Prevalence of normal liver tests in patients with choledocholithiasis undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Digestion. 2014;89(3):232-8. doi: 10.1159/000358384. Epub 2014 Jun 4. PMID: 24903214.