Kennedy Hall M, Coffey EC, Herbst M, Liu R, Pare JR, Andrew Taylor R, Thomas S, Moore CL. The “5Es” of emergency physician-performed focused cardiac ultrasound: a protocol for rapid identification of effusion, ejection, equality, exit, and entrance. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 May;22(5):583-93. PMID: 25903585.
Pericardial Effusion/Tamponade
Kapoor T, Locurto M, Farina GA, Silverman R. Hypotension is uncommon in patients presenting to the emergency department with non-traumatic cardiac tamponade. J Emerg Med. 2012 Feb;42(2):220-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.05.071. Epub 2010 Aug 30. PMID: 20800410.
Hoit BD. Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade in the New Millennium. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017 Jul;19(7):57. doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0867-5. PMID: 28493085.
Alerhand S, Carter JM. What echocardiographic findings suggest a pericardial effusion is causing tamponade? Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;37(2):321-326. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.11.004. Epub 2018 Nov 17. PMID: 30471929.
Left Ventricular Function Assessment
McKaigney CJ, Krantz MJ, La Rocque CL, Hurst ND, Buchanan MS, Kendall JL. E-point septal separation: a bedside tool for emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Jun;32(6):493-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.01.045. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PMID: 24630604.
Bracey A, Massey L, Pellet AC, Thode HC, Holman TR, Singer AJ, McClure M, Secko MA. FOCUS may detect wall motion abnormalities in patients with ACS. Am J Emerg Med. 2023 Jul;69:17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.03.056. Epub 2023 Apr 2. PMID: 37037160.
Xu C, Melendez A, Nguyen T, Ellenberg J, Anand A, Delgado J, Herbst MK. Point-of-care ultrasound may expedite diagnosis and revascularization of occult occlusive myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2022 Aug;58:186-191. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.06.010. Epub 2022 Jun 8. PMID: 35700615.
Right Heart Strain
Matthews JC, McLaughlin V. Acute right ventricular failure in the setting of acute pulmonary embolism or chronic pulmonary hypertension: a detailed review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2008 Feb;4(1):49-59. doi: 10.2174/157340308783565384. PMID: 19924277; PMCID: PMC2774585.
Alerhand S, Sundaram T, Gottlieb M. What are the echocardiographic findings of acute right ventricular strain that suggest pulmonary embolism? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2021 Apr;40(2):100852. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2021.100852. Epub 2021 Mar 26. PMID: 33781986.
Daley JI, Dwyer KH, Grunwald Z, Shaw DL, Stone MB, Schick A, Vrablik M, Kennedy Hall M, Hall J, Liteplo AS, Haney RM, Hun N, Liu R, Moore CL. Increased Sensitivity of Focused Cardiac Ultrasound for Pulmonary Embolism in Emergency Department Patients With Abnormal Vital Signs. Acad Emerg Med. 2019 Nov;26(11):1211-1220. doi: 10.1111/acem.13774. Epub 2019 Sep 27. PMID: 31562679.
Bryce YC, Perez-Johnston R, Bryce EB, Homayoon B, Santos-Martin EG. Pathophysiology of right ventricular failure in acute pulmonary embolism and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a pictorial essay for the interventional radiologist. Insights Imaging. 2019 Feb 13;10(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s13244-019-0695-9. PMID: 30758687; PMCID: PMC6375098.
Naeije R, Badagliacca R. The overloaded right heart and ventricular interdependence. Cardiovasc Res. 2017 Oct 1;113(12):1474-1485. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx160. PMID: 28957537.
Right ventricular volume overload without pulmonary hypertension–>decreased left ventricular diastolic compliance and ejection fraction depressed but without intrinsic alteration in contractility.
Right ventricular pressure overload–>decreased left ventricular compliance with initial preservation of left ventricular ejection fraction, but with eventual left ventricular atrophic remodelling and altered systolic function.
Transesophageal Echocardiography
Jaidka A, Hobbs H, Koenig S, Millington SJ, Arntfield RT. Better With Ultrasound: Transesophageal Echocardiography. Chest. 2019 Jan;155(1):194-201. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.023. Epub 2018 Oct 9. PMID: 30312590.
Cardiac Arrest
Gardner KF, Clattenburg EJ, Wroe P, Singh A, Mantuani D, Nagdev A. The Cardiac Arrest Sonographic Assessment (CASA) exam – A standardized approach to the use of ultrasound in PEA. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Apr;36(4):729-731. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.08.052. Epub 2017 Aug 26. PMID: 28851499.
Gaspari R, Weekes A, Adhikari S, Noble VE, Nomura JT, Theodoro D, Woo M, Atkinson P, Blehar D, Brown SM, Caffery T, Douglass E, Fraser J, Haines C, Lam S, Lanspa M, Lewis M, Liebmann O, Limkakeng A, Lopez F, Platz E, Mendoza M, Minnigan H, Moore C, Novik J, Rang L, Scruggs W, Raio C. Emergency department point-of-care ultrasound in out-of-hospital and in-ED cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2016 Dec;109:33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.09.018. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27693280.